ARPANET
In the mid-1960s, mainframe computers used in research organizations were unable to communicate with each other because of different manufacturers. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defence (DOD) was interested in finding the way the computers could connect to each other so that research work could be shared among researchers , thereby reducing costs and duplication of effort.
In 1967, at an Associate for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, a small network of connected computers. The idea was that each host computer (not necessarily from same manufacturer) would be attached to a specialized computer, called an interface message processor (IMP). The IMPs, in turn, would be connected to each other. Each IMP had to be able to communicate with other IMPs as well as with its own attached host.
By 1969, ARPANET was a reality. Four nodes, at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and the University of UTAH were connected via the IMPs to form a Network. Software called Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication between the hosts.
Birth of the Internet (Timeline)
In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of them who were part of core ARPANET group, collaborated on what they called Internetting Project. They wanted to link different networks together so that a host on one network can communicate with a host on a second different network. There were many problems to overcome: diverse packet sizes, diverse interfaces, and diverse transmission rates, as well as different reliability requirements. Cerf and Kahn devised the idea of a device called gateway to serve as the intermediary hardware to transfer packets from one network to another.
Cerf and Kahn's landmark 1973 paper outlined the protocols to achieve end-to-end delivery of packets. This was a new version of NCP ( network control protocol). This paper on Transmission control Protocol (TCP) included concepts such as encapsulation, the datagram, and the functions of a gateway. A radical idea was the transfer of responsibility for error correction from IMP to the host Machine. Around this Time the responsibility of the ARPANET was handed over to the Defence Communication Agency (DCA).
In October 1977, an internet consisting of three different networks ( ARPANET, packet radio, and packet satellite) was successfully demonstrated. Communication between networks was now possible.
Shortly thereafter, the authorities made a decison to split TCP into two protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internetworking Protocol (IP). IP would handle datagram routing while TCP would be responsible for higher level functions such as segmentation, reassembly, and error detection. The internetworking protocol became known as TCP/IP.
In 1981, under a DARBA contract, UC Berkely modified the UNIX operating system to include TCP/IP. this inclusion of network software along with a popular operating system did much to further the popularity of networking. The open (non-manufacturer-specific) implementation of Berkeley UNIX gave every manufacturer a working code base on which they could build their products.
In 1983, authorities abolished the original ARPANET protocols, and TCP/IP became the official protocol for the ARPANET. Those who wanted to use the Internet to access a computer on a different network had to be running TCP/IP.
MILNET
In 1983, ARPANET was split into two networks: MILNET for military users and ARPANET for non military users.
CSNET
Another milestone in Internet History was the creation of CSNET in 1981. CSNET was a network sponsored by national science foundation (NSF). The network was coneived by universities that were ineligible to join ARPANET due to an absence of defense ties to DARPA. CSNET was a less expensive network; there were no redundant links and the transmission rate was slower. It featured connections to ARPANET and Telnet, the first commercial packet data service.
By the middle, 1980s, most U.S. universities with computer science departments were part of CSNET. Other institutions and companies were also forming their own networks and using TCP/IP to interconnect. The term Internet, originally associated with government-funded connected networks, now referred to the connected networks using TCP/IP protocols.
NSFNET
With the success of CSNET, the NSF, in 1986, sponsored NSFNET, a backbone that connected five supercomputer centres located throughout the United States. Community networks were allowed access to this backbone, a T1 line with a 1.544 Mbps data rate, thus providing connectivity throughout the United States.
In 1990, ARPANET was officially retired and replaced by NSFNET. In 1995, NSFNET reverted back to its original concept of research network.
ANSNET
In 1991, the U.S government decided taht NSFNET was not capable of supporting the rapidly increasing Internet traffic. Three companies, IBM, Merit, and MCI, filled the void by forming a nonprofit organization called Advanced Network and Services (ANS) to build a new, high-speed Internet backbone called ANSNET
The Internet today is not a simple architecture. It is made up of many wide and local area networks (WANs and LANs) joined by connecting devices and switching stations (nodes). The Internet is continuously evolving and many new users are added each day. today most end users who want Internet connection use the services of Internet Service Providers (ISPs). There are International Service Providers, National Service Providers (SprintLink, PSINet, UUNet Technology, AGIS, and Internet MCI providing Internet at network access points NAPs), regional service providers and local service providers.
For your help here is the complete summary and list of important events of Internet History/Timeline
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In the mid-1960s, mainframe computers used in research organizations were unable to communicate with each other because of different manufacturers. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defence (DOD) was interested in finding the way the computers could connect to each other so that research work could be shared among researchers , thereby reducing costs and duplication of effort.
In 1967, at an Associate for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, a small network of connected computers. The idea was that each host computer (not necessarily from same manufacturer) would be attached to a specialized computer, called an interface message processor (IMP). The IMPs, in turn, would be connected to each other. Each IMP had to be able to communicate with other IMPs as well as with its own attached host.
By 1969, ARPANET was a reality. Four nodes, at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and the University of UTAH were connected via the IMPs to form a Network. Software called Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication between the hosts.
Birth of the Internet (Timeline)
In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of them who were part of core ARPANET group, collaborated on what they called Internetting Project. They wanted to link different networks together so that a host on one network can communicate with a host on a second different network. There were many problems to overcome: diverse packet sizes, diverse interfaces, and diverse transmission rates, as well as different reliability requirements. Cerf and Kahn devised the idea of a device called gateway to serve as the intermediary hardware to transfer packets from one network to another.
Cerf and Kahn's landmark 1973 paper outlined the protocols to achieve end-to-end delivery of packets. This was a new version of NCP ( network control protocol). This paper on Transmission control Protocol (TCP) included concepts such as encapsulation, the datagram, and the functions of a gateway. A radical idea was the transfer of responsibility for error correction from IMP to the host Machine. Around this Time the responsibility of the ARPANET was handed over to the Defence Communication Agency (DCA).
In October 1977, an internet consisting of three different networks ( ARPANET, packet radio, and packet satellite) was successfully demonstrated. Communication between networks was now possible.
Shortly thereafter, the authorities made a decison to split TCP into two protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internetworking Protocol (IP). IP would handle datagram routing while TCP would be responsible for higher level functions such as segmentation, reassembly, and error detection. The internetworking protocol became known as TCP/IP.
In 1981, under a DARBA contract, UC Berkely modified the UNIX operating system to include TCP/IP. this inclusion of network software along with a popular operating system did much to further the popularity of networking. The open (non-manufacturer-specific) implementation of Berkeley UNIX gave every manufacturer a working code base on which they could build their products.
In 1983, authorities abolished the original ARPANET protocols, and TCP/IP became the official protocol for the ARPANET. Those who wanted to use the Internet to access a computer on a different network had to be running TCP/IP.
MILNET
In 1983, ARPANET was split into two networks: MILNET for military users and ARPANET for non military users.
CSNET
Another milestone in Internet History was the creation of CSNET in 1981. CSNET was a network sponsored by national science foundation (NSF). The network was coneived by universities that were ineligible to join ARPANET due to an absence of defense ties to DARPA. CSNET was a less expensive network; there were no redundant links and the transmission rate was slower. It featured connections to ARPANET and Telnet, the first commercial packet data service.
By the middle, 1980s, most U.S. universities with computer science departments were part of CSNET. Other institutions and companies were also forming their own networks and using TCP/IP to interconnect. The term Internet, originally associated with government-funded connected networks, now referred to the connected networks using TCP/IP protocols.
NSFNET
With the success of CSNET, the NSF, in 1986, sponsored NSFNET, a backbone that connected five supercomputer centres located throughout the United States. Community networks were allowed access to this backbone, a T1 line with a 1.544 Mbps data rate, thus providing connectivity throughout the United States.
In 1990, ARPANET was officially retired and replaced by NSFNET. In 1995, NSFNET reverted back to its original concept of research network.
ANSNET
In 1991, the U.S government decided taht NSFNET was not capable of supporting the rapidly increasing Internet traffic. Three companies, IBM, Merit, and MCI, filled the void by forming a nonprofit organization called Advanced Network and Services (ANS) to build a new, high-speed Internet backbone called ANSNET
The Internet today is not a simple architecture. It is made up of many wide and local area networks (WANs and LANs) joined by connecting devices and switching stations (nodes). The Internet is continuously evolving and many new users are added each day. today most end users who want Internet connection use the services of Internet Service Providers (ISPs). There are International Service Providers, National Service Providers (SprintLink, PSINet, UUNet Technology, AGIS, and Internet MCI providing Internet at network access points NAPs), regional service providers and local service providers.
For your help here is the complete summary and list of important events of Internet History/Timeline
- 1969. Four Node ARPANET established.
- 1970. ARPA hosts implement NCP.
- 1973. Development of TCP/IP suite begins.
- 1977. An Internet tested using TCP/IP.
- 1978. UNIX distributed to academic/research sites.
- 1981. CSNET established.
- 1983. TCP/IP becomes the official protocol for ARPANET.
- 1983. MILNET was Born.
- 1986. NSFNET established.
- 1990. ARPANET decommissioned and replaced by NSFNET.
- 1995. NSFNET goes back to being a research network.
- 1995. Companies known as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) started
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